[综合题]【给定资料】资料1市场监管是现代政府的基本职能之一。从概念上说，监管指的是政府依据规则对市场主体行为进行引导和限制，其目的是纠正市场失灵。根据被监管对象不同，市场监管包括经济性监管和社会性监管两大类：前者针对能源、金融等经济部门，后者包括安全、健康和环境等内容。在西方国家近30年改革中，政府一方面放松对微观经济运行的管制和干预，另一方面加强与民生相关的社会性监管。在我国行政体制架构中，能源局、证监会、银监会、保监会等部门承担经济性监管职能；工商、质监、食药、知识产权、安监等系统主要负责社会性监管。政府监管市场的模式在理论上可分为三类：一是分段监管，具体包括研制、生产、流通、消费等环节；二是分事项监管，可以是许可审批、监督执法、行政处罚等工作；三是分品种监管，根据风险程度将产品区分为普通商品、重要工业产品、进口商品、食品药品、特种设备等，采取不同监管措施。三类模式各有利弊，其中分段监管容易产生段与段之间的缝隙，分事项监管对工作专业性要求较高，而分品种监管的难点是品种边界的划分。资料2市场经济国家主要对终端产品质量安全进行监管，涉及主体资格资质和行为的标准、认证等事务交给市场和社会组织。我国则不同，监管部门对企业主体资质、生产经营行为和产品本身三个方面都进行监管。例如在2014年新版《医疗器械监督管理条例》颁布之前，医疗器械生产企业需要从工商部门获取营业执照，这是对主体资质的确认。同时，食药监管部门对委托生产行为进行实质性备案，属于对生产行为的限制。此外，企业生产的医疗器械需要通过质监部门的强制性安全认证(3C)，即对产品本身的监管。类似情况在市场监管领域广泛存在，多重监管执法会带来企业守法成本提升和行政资源浪费，还有可能导致监管执法不公平。理想的市场监管体系应具有整体性。由于种种原因，我国政府市场监管职能长期散落在多个部门，部门之间难免出现职能交叉和真空，形成“九龙治水”的监管碎片化问题。在当前中国的语境下，由于食药等部门实行属地分级管理，地方保护主义又将监管体制缺陷放大，导致信息本地化问题。在不少地方，市场主体违法犯罪信息呈现“村里知道说不知道，乡里不知道装知道，县里想知道还真知不道”的层层衰减分布。横向与纵向的监管体制缺陷，使得我们面临日益严峻的食品药品安全、产品质量和消费者权益受侵害问题。资料3近年来，地沟油、瘦肉精、天价宰客、电梯伤人事件一直未曾断绝过。据统计，2014年中国全面小康进程中“最受关注的十大焦点问题”，包括食品安全、腐败、物价、房价、医疗改革、贫富差距、环境保护、就业、社会保障、社会道德风气等，其中，食品安全关注度居首位。2014年3月28日，国家食品药品监管总局和公安部联合召开新闻发布会，公布了2013年查处的食品药品违法犯罪案件中案情复杂、涉案金额较高、社会影响恶劣、具有警示作用的“食品药品十大典型案例”。其中包括河南民权“5.24”特大病死肉案，湖北武汉闵某某等生猪非法注射沙丁胺醇案，陕西西安李某等涉嫌生产、销售假牛肉案，山东枣庄盖某等涉嫌生产、销售不符合安全标准的食品案，辽宁本溪徐某等涉嫌生产、销售伪劣保健食品、药品案，江苏沛县蒋某等涉嫌生产、销售伪劣保健食品案，广西柳州“5.17”生产、销售假药案，广东深圳“7.29”系列生产、销售假药案，湖南隆回孙某等涉嫌生产、销售假药案，浙江丽水周某等涉嫌生产、销售假劣创可贴案。国家食品药品监管总局稽查局领导介绍，2013年，食品药品监管部门与公安机关开展了食品药品系列专项整治行动，强力打击各类危害食品药品安全的突出违法犯罪。据统计，全年我国各地侦破食品药品安全犯罪案件4.3万余起，抓获犯罪嫌疑人6万余名。他还指出，在当前中国经济社会发展所处的特定阶段，食品药品安全违法犯罪出现了一些新情况、新动向。如长链条跨区域案件明显增多，利用互联网进行食品药品违法犯罪呈上升势头等。犯罪手法升级、活动愈加隐蔽。资料4近年来，电梯事故频发，而今年来尤为惊心动魄。2015年7月26日上午10时左右，湖北荆州市安良百货公司手扶电梯发生事故，一名女子因电梯与楼面连接的迎宾踏板松动，被卷入电梯内。女子在遇险的一刹那，双手奋力向前，将幼小的儿子托举送出，旁人救下孩子，而她自己则在短短8秒内被电梯吞没。荆州“电梯吃人”事件迅速传遍全国，引发社会强烈关注。然后就在4天之后，杭州某小区电梯突然下坠，女住户被夹身亡；9月7日，济南历城某中学食堂，一名工作人员在搬运货物时，被突然运行的电梯夹住头部身亡；9月13日，新民市某商厦电梯发生塌陷事故，一女子侥幸逃生；10月9日，重庆轨道交通红旗河沟枢纽站内，一名4岁男孩不幸被卷入了扶梯右侧扶手带进口处不行身亡......频频见诸媒体的电梯惊魂事件，一次次敲响了安全警钟。根据有关资料显示，我国仅2014年上报的因电梯事故死亡的人数就达36人。据国家质检总局2015年3月份印发的文件显示，截至2014年底，全国电梯总量达到360万台，并保持以每年20%左右的速度增长。目前，我国电梯保有量、年产量、年增长量均为世界第一。由于目前部分电梯管理责任主体不明确、选型配置与使用条件不适应、维护保养不到位、以及老旧电梯逐步增多等原因，电梯事故时有发生。截至2015年6月底，全国31个省份及新疆生产建设兵团电梯使用和维护保养单位自查电梯230余万台，发现存在隐患的电梯11余万台。照此计算，隐患电梯占比达到4.7%。国家质检总局甚至用“全国电梯安全监管大会战”的字眼来定位2015年的工作要点，而各地也是在认真按照质检总局的要求制定“大会战”的实施方案。比如湖南湘潭市实施方案的工作目标是：通过全面排查和集中整治，掌握全市在用电梯安全状况，预防和减少电梯事故，降低电梯故障率，让群众安全乘梯、放心乘电梯。着力推动“无物业管理、无维保单位、无维修资金”电梯以及老旧电梯（使用年限已经达到15年以上的电梯）更新改造等“老大难”问题的综合治理，推动建立电梯安全责任保险机制。努力构建“企业全面负责、政府统一领导、部门联合监管、检验技术把关、社会广泛参与”的电梯安全管理多元共治格局。该市还成立了电梯安全监管大会站领导小组，要求：全面开展电梯安全风险大排查，专项整治“三无”电梯，协调做好旧电梯更新改造修理工作，加强电梯定期检验有效性，以及推动电梯安全责任保险和电梯应急救援体系建设工作等。大会战实施方案还制定了详细的工作步骤和时间节点，诸如宣传发动阶段、排查整治阶段、集中攻坚阶段、总结验收阶段。可见政府部门的决心之大，力度之强。资料5上述这些事件给公众带来持续的危机感，暴露出了食品产业链和特种设备安监等方面的问题，政府公信力亦面临考验。近年来，中央一直在加强食品安全工作的力度，先后制定了食品安全法及实施条例，设立了国务院食品安全委员会，开展了一系列专项治理和整顿。然而深层次的问题并未得到解决，每年各类食品安全事件仍层出不穷。以下几个案例折射出我国有些地方的基层政府在食品药品安全监管方面还存在一些问题。如某县食品药品监督管理局为进一步强化食品药品监督工作，从县人大代表、政协委员中聘请了13名社会监督员，8个镇各聘请了一名食品药品安全协管员、169个村都聘请了村级食品药品安全信息员，建立了“横向到边、纵向到底”的县、乡、村三级食品药品监管网络。但是，协管员、信息员缺乏食品药品安全监管基本知识；没有报酬或补助，工作积极性不高；监管对象多为本乡本村人，怕得罪人，遭报复。以上这些问题导致协管员、信息员不能真正发挥作用。另外，实际执法与现行法律法规存在脱节，如《医疗器械监督管理条例》规定的处罚起点在5000元，脱离农村和基层实际，难以规范执法。法律规定对不符合要求的餐饮服务单位要予以取缔，但现实中许多小餐饮业主都是下岗、失业和农村务工人员。如果坚决取缔，有可能影响社会和谐稳定。再如，某县现有的食品安全监管执法人员基本都是原从事药品医疗器械监管的人员，从未接触过食品相关业务知识，虽然不断加大相关法律法规知识和业务知识的培训力度，但仍无法完全达到食品安全执法工作的要求。食品安全的监管从农田到餐桌，涉及农业、水利、盐业、工商、质检、食品药品监督等多个部门。以某县为例，目前是“铁路警察、各管一段”，段与段之间还存在着间隙。县政府虽然在食品药品监督管理局挂牌成立了食品药品安全委员会，但未能落实相应的编制及人员，加之县食品药品监督管理局与质检、工商、农业等部门属同级政府工作部门，协调难度大、监管手段有限，限制了食品安全综合协调工作的纵深开展。同时，管理食品加工小作坊和食品摊贩的地方法规迟迟难以出台，缺乏具体有限的监督方法和标准，形成了一定的监管盲区，留下了食品安全隐患。近年来，各级领导高度重视矿山、交通、消防、护林防火、建筑施工等安全问题，要机构就成立机构，要人给人，要钱给钱，几乎没有任何领导拒绝和迟缓，在一些乡镇甚至成了中心工作。而与我们每个人的身体健康和生命安全息息相关的食品药品安全，却从未享受这样的礼遇。如某县食品药品监管对象有5000家左右，从业人员数万人，而食品药品监督管理人员编制仅35名。人均管理对象150家左右，人均工作量数倍甚至数十倍于其他行政执法队伍，监督管理任务非常艰巨，人少事多矛盾突出，再加上执法装备落后，行政执法取证设备缺乏等问题，潜在安全风险巨大。资料6党的十八届三中全会通过的《中共中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定》明确指出：必须积极稳妥从广度和深度上推进市场化改革，大幅度减少政府对资源的直接配置。政府的职责和作用主要是保持宏观经济稳定，加强和优化公共服务，保障公平竞争，加强市场监管，维护市场秩序，推动可持续发展，促进共同富裕，弥补市场失灵。要“改革市场监管体系，实行统一的市场监管。”这就要求我们更加重视市场监管，广泛关注国外相关市场监管情况，针对我国市场监管的现状，研究提出实行统一的市场监管的思路举措。2014年1月1日，上海浦东新区正式挂牌成立新区市场监督管理局，作为上海食品药品监管体制改革的先行探索，这个由原浦东新区的工商、质监、食药监部门“三合一”整合的部门将会构建起一个覆盖生产、流通、消费全过程的监管体系，以打破原有分段管理、“九龙治水”的格局。同时依托原来的体制、队伍比较完备的基层工商所组建市场监督管理所，职能整合“做加法”和机关瘦身“做减法”同步开展，将机关人员、职能下沉到基层，基层一线得以充实，力量得以加强，监管执法资源向基层倾斜，实现了“一个街镇、一个监管所”的监管覆盖目标。在浦东新区体制改革试点的基础上，上海进一步推进区县市场监督管理体制改革。目前16个区县工商分局、质量技术监管局、食品药品监管分局全部由垂直管理调整为区县政府分级管理，与区县物价局有关价格监督检查机构整合，组建区县市场监督管理局为区县政府工作部门。区县市场监督管理局加挂区县安全委员会、区县质量发展局牌子。 此次体制改革较好解决了原质监、食药监一线基层执法力量不足的问题，加大了对市场安全和民生利益“最后一公里”的保障力度。如2014年3月，依托改革后的36个基层监管所优势，在点位多、任务重的情况下，浦东新区借助覆盖全区的基层监管网络，仅用两个多小时就完成了对央视3・15晚会曝光“问题食品”的紧急检查任务。2014年对药品零售和医疗器械经营企业的现场检查数，和改革前相比分别增长了4.6倍和1.7倍，对特种设备使用单位监察户次同比增长47%，其中特种设备监察员现场检查数同比增长6.5倍。 在浦东G镇，某高压氧舱有限公司生产的“高压氧舱”既属于医疗器械，又属于特种设备。这种“跨界”产品原先要由食药监、质监两批不同的专业人员分头监管。现在只要浦东新区市场监管局的工作小分队出马，一次就能完成特种设备、医疗器械监管项目的监督抽查。徐某、王某负责浦东新区的J广场，商标广告、电梯设备、食品安全等是她们执法检查的范围。某川菜店内，两人穿过餐厅，直奔后厨。王某在前，从水果到凉菜间，从库房到冷库，每一处直抓要害，对于食品添加剂和废弃油更是她检查的重中之重。徐某在后，各类证照单据一一对照。“食品安全是人们关注的焦点，J广场70家商家中有38家是餐饮店，来不得半点马虎”。“现在检查是从前到后、从里到外、所有细节都没放过”。半年时间，酒店负责人张经理已经习惯了这样的“彻查”。“以前工商、质监、食药监各来各的，现在来检查的人少了力度反而更大了”。某农贸市场集聚了大大小的经营户，这里原本是“典型”的分散管理，新成立的市场监管所引入的“标准化”新模式，全面提升了这里的食品安全监管力度。一线执法人员人手一本《农副产品市场监管检查操作流程》，这是征询了农贸市场、批发市场、街镇和市场监管所等各方意见后，编制完成的日常检查“掌中宝”。而从检查频率看，市场上门检查从原来的每月一次改为每周一次，涵盖原分属三个局职能的农产品索证索票、生产许可证检查、食品安全检测等。但市场综合监管体制改革后，在一些专业性较强的监管领域，如特种设备监管、食品安全检验检测、医疗器材监管等，监管主体和监管对象之间的知识、信息、专业不对称等问题依然制约着相应监管水平的提升。尤其是基层监管执法人员仍不同程度存在知识结构不匹配、本领恐慌、心里不适应等问题，而基层执法人员要真正熟练掌握专业技能，尚需要一个较长的学习、锻炼过程。面对风起云涌的新业态，政府监管业务日益繁重。如当下便利的网络订餐让不少人成了它的忠实拥趸。然后，互联网背后的餐饮商家也隐藏着卫生状况不过关等食品安全隐患。在浦东一家公司上班的白领小方最近遇到一件怪事，她一直用网络订餐来解决午饭问题，但有一次她点开一家饮品店的商家详细信息，竟然发现该商家上传的营业执照居然是一家汽车运输公司的。“老母鸡变鸭”，暴露的正是网络订单的食品安全隐患，而新的《食品安全法》已于2015年10月1日正式实施，如何运用“大数据”监管模式，促使网络订餐市场、食品销售和餐饮服务等规范、有序、健康发展，对市场监管部门提出了更为严格的要求。此外，目前一些基层市场监管人员身份不统一，待遇和福利不统一，“同工不同酬”现象较为普遍。尤其是基层市场监管人员基数大、职数少，晋升渠道不畅。如上海某区市场监管局55岁还是科员的员工有10个，越到基层年龄越大，职级越低。而且体制改革后，基层监管任务增加，压力增大，要学习大量新的业务，承担更多的职责。资料7深圳于2009年借大部制改革之机，率先在全国进行市场监管体制改革。大胆突破分段监管桎梏，改变监管领域的“碎片化”，将原工商、质监、知识产权三局整合，组建了市场监督管理局，不再保留市质监局、市工商局，把食品生产、食品流通、餐饮消费三个环节的食品安全监督管理职责一并划入市场监督管理局。2011年，深圳市进一步整合涉及食品安全监管的相关职能，将原由农业部门承担的食用农产品质量安全监管和原由卫生部门承担的食品安全管理综合协调等职能先后划入市市场监督管理局，并专门成立了市食品安全监督管理局（设在市场监督管理局内）。2014年5月，深圳市继续探索市场监管领域大部制改革的“升级版本”，组建市场和质量监督管理委员会，主要承担制定政策、规划、标准等职能，并监督执行部门，由分管副市长任主任委员。委员会下设三个机构：一是深圳市市场监督管理局（挂市质量管理局、市知识产权局牌子）。二是深圳市食品药品监督管理局，三是深圳市市场监督稽查局。上述机构分别承担市场监管领域的行政管理和监督执法职能，市场监督管理局和食品药品监督管理局局长分别担任市场监管委员会副主任委员。在区一级分别设置市场监督管理分局和食品药品监督管理分局作为市局直属机构，在街道设市场监督管理所作为两个区分局的派出机构。深圳模式呈现上下统一、中间分开的“纺锤形”结构。深圳模式经过重大调整，目前看有三大优点。一是采取分类监管模式。充分考虑并区分对待普通产品质量与食品药品安全，将食品安全监管职能调整由食品药品监管局承担，实现专业化监管。二是统一监督执法队伍。由于行政强制、处罚等行为与市场主体利益直接相关，解决多头执法问题有利于减轻市场主体负担，提升监管公平性。三是宏观政策设计与微观监管有机结合。当然，深圳模式在确保监管政策一致性上面临挑战。各类市场监管部门的“前世今生”截然不同，工商部门从管理城乡农贸市场起家，监管对象是交易行为和市场秩序，管理方式较为粗放；质监部门更多关注产品内在质量如重量、成色和品质，因此技术支撑能力较强；餐饮监管主体的前身是卫生监督机构，其注重产品和公共场所的清洁无菌以及对人体健康无害。这种差异会带来行政许可、行政执法和行政处罚的标准不同和风格冲突。全国工商系统实有工作人员42万人，2012年全国食药监系统到岗93572人，全国质检系统约20万人。随着企业登记制度改革不断推进，工商部门所拥有的实际职能不断减少，这支庞大的公务员队伍的未来出路已经上升为政治问题。同时，工商部门作为老牌市场监管部门嵌入市场网络较深，在政府体系中拥有更大话语权，有能力主导市场监管体制改革，用基层监管工作人员的话来说是工商“吞并”质监和食药监。其直接影响是工商部门惯用的排查、索证索票等管理方式被广泛用于基层市场监管。将不同部门糅合在一起，需要统一的行政流程再造，否则会产生内部行政文化冲突。例如，标准化、知识产权促进和保护、消费者权益保护工作原分属质监、知识产权和工商部门，机构改革后标准化与知识产权促进的关系密切，知识产权保护又与消费者权益保护密切相关，这就需要按业务内在联系的逻辑而非部门间联系的逻辑来确定工作流程。又如，由于上位法律法规没有相应调整，机构改革后监管人员在监督执法时要带好几套法律文书，相对人也不得不面对不同执法标准和行政风格。
Beauty (1) One cannot follow the laws of nature for long without finding beauty. "I don't know if it's the same beauty you see at sunset," a friend told me, "but it looks the same." This friend is a physicist who has spent a long career trying to figure out what must be going on inside stars. He remembers that thrill for me when I first understood Dirac's equations that describe quantum mechanics or Einstein's equations that describe the theory of relativity. They're so beautiful," he says, you can tell right away that they have to be true. Or at least along the way." I ask him what makes a theory beautiful and he replies: “Simplicity, symmetry, elegance and power”. (2) Why nature should conform to theories we find beautiful is anything but obvious. The most incomprehensible thing about the universe, as Einstein said, is that it is intelligible. We are far from understanding everything, but we understand something big, we are dealing with the behavior of nature. Generation after generation, we've deciphered formulas, tested them, and surprisingly found that nature agrees. An architect draws blueprints on fine paper, and his buildings withstand earthquakes. We launch a satellite into orbit and use it to transmit messages from continent to continent. The machine on which I write these words embodies hundreds of perceptions about the functioning of the material world, perceptions that are confirmed by each explosion of letters on the screen, and that I observe on this screen through lenses that obey the laws of optics, which were elaborated in detail by first discovered by Isaac Newton.(3) Newton believed that seeing patterns in the universe was tracing the hand of God. Scientists in our time have embraced the notion of a Creator as an unnecessary hypothesis, or at least as a largely abandoned unverifiable hypothesis. While they share Newton's belief that the universe is governed everywhere by a consistent set of rules, as scientists they cannot say how those particular rules came to govern things. Science can be done without believing in a divine lawgiver, but not without believing in laws. (4) I spent my teenage years climbing the math mountain. Halfway up the slope, I staggered to a stop, panting, long before reaching the heights where Einstein's and Dirac's equations would make sense. I remember fleeting patterns in math that looked as bold and beautiful as a starry sky. (5) I am never more aware of the limitations of language than when I try to describe beauty. Language can create its own sweetness, of course, but it cannot convey to us the brilliance we perceive in the world, any more than a photograph can capture the incredible speed of a hawk or the devastating power of a supernova. (6) All of nature is designed to make us think of paradise, commented M. Thomas Merton. As creation puts on a continuous show, beauty is free and inexhaustible, but we need training to notice more than the most obvious forms. Even some 15 billion years after the Big Bang, echoes from that event remain as background radiation, just a few degrees above absolute zero. Just like that. I believe that the experience of beauty is an echo of the free order and power that permeates the universe. To measure background radiation, we need thin instruments; To measure beauty, we need an alert intelligence and our five keen senses. (7) He who has eyes can appreciate a face or a flower. However, it takes practice to discern beauty in mathematics or physics or chess, in the architecture of a tree, in the pattern of a bird's wing or in the flutter of breath through a flute. For most of human history, training came from the old teaching the young to be mindful. By paying attention, we learn to appreciate all kinds of patterns, from quantum mechanics to patchwork quilts. This preference has a clear evolutionary advantage, as the ability to recognize patterns helped our ancestors choose a mate, find food, and avoid predators. But the same benefit would apply to all species, and yet only we compose symphonies and crossword puzzles, carve statues in stone, map time and space. (8) Have we just taken our animal need for intelligent perceptions to an absurd extreme? Or do we find a deep correspondence between the structure of our mind and the structure of the universe? (9) I am convinced that the latter is true. I believe that beauty is more than biology, more than cultural conventions. It flows around us and through us in such abundance and in myriad forms that it far exceeds any mere evolutionary need. Beauty nourishes us from the same source that created us. It reminds us of the formative power that comes from the flower stem and our own hands. Restores our belief in nature's bounty. By giving us a taste of the kinship between our little mind and the great mind of the cosmos, beauty assures us that we are precisely and wonderfully made for life on this glorious planet, in this magnificent universe. I find in that affinity a deep source of meaning and hope. A universe so lavish with beauty may need our attention and response, perhaps needing our piercing eyes and overflowing hearts and overflowing minds, to complete the cycle of creation.
[综合题]Directions: Write a short answer (one to three complete sentences) to each of the questions. Pay attention to wording, grammar and sentence structure in your answers.1. Despite the difficulties in predicting future trends in world trade, we can identify factors that will be important. Some of them are: population growth; possible scarcity of raw materials, food and energy situation, relations with the Third World (developing countries), pressure to protect the environment and international cooperation on political, social, economic and monetary problems.2. If population growth continues at the current rate, the future balance between food supply and demand could become dependent on new dietary patterns. Reducing meat consumption, increasing the use of new soy-based protein foods and developing marine resources for food are some alternatives to be considered.3. As the population grows, the prices of basic commodities fluctuate. As countries strive to increase yields from existing arable land through greater use of water, energy and fertilizers, raw material costs will rise.4. Trade growth will largely depend on the availability of energy sources. There could still be a trillion barrels of recoverable oil in the Middle East. But the 1974 oil crisis sparked renewed interest in coal and the search for alternative energy sources. Solar, geothermal and nuclear energy will play an important role in the coming years.5. Solar energy is available in different forms. Buildings can be heated and cooled by direct use of solar radiation, plants and trees, which are the most efficient at converting sunlight into energy, can be grown for their energy potential, waste can be burned for fuel, sunlight can be converted in direct current (direct current) electricity can obtain electrical energy from ocean surface water heated by the sun (sea thermal energy) and finally, solar radiation can be converted into heat that drives electrical energy generators (solar energy thermal). Serious problems persist in the transport and storage of solar energy.6. Geothermal energy is the energy contained in the earth. Heat is abundant deep within the Earth's core and is constantly being produced. However, this heat is usually too low for commercial use. Sometimes heat rises to the surface in the form of lava and geysers. In short, very little is known about the use of geothermal energy and it has hardly been used7. Nuclear energy is generated in nuclear power plants. In these facilities, uranium atoms are split, releasing masses of energy in the process. Another energy source under development is the nuclear fusion of certain hydrogen atoms. This could eventually replace natural gas as an energy source.8. In future trade, the most important development to watch is the relationship between the developed world and the developing world. Third World countries export their mineral resources and tropical agricultural products, which bring them coveted foreign exchange. Tourism has also been largely responsible for the rapid development of some developing countries. Many Third World countries with high unemployment and low wages have seen a migration of workers to the industrialized world. Western Europe absorbed millions of these workers from Mediterranean countries.9. Developing countries benefit when these workers bring home their savings and the technical skills they have acquired. Many developing countries benefit when Western nations build factories in their countries to take advantage of cheap labor.10. As economies mature, economic growth rates tend to stabilize. Population growth is slowing down in western countries today. This flattening eventually leads to static markets with no growth. A saturation point is established: technology and innovation seem to have reached the impossible, but how far can they go? Herman Kahn says in his book The Next 200 Years that there must be a shift in priorities in the developed world. Generating money and employment is no longer decisive, but improving the quality of life should be our concern. Today, pollution is one of the main concerns of industrialized nations. Environmentalists are concerned with the relationship between industrial goals and the preservation of the environment. In developing countries, however, the problem of pollution is ignored in favor of development.11. Eventually, the western world will enter a period of relatively low economic growth combined with high unemployment. A so-called welfare society will emerge. The unemployed in the new welfare society are supported by the employed through generous welfare contributions.12. There remain political questions about the future of the world. We can only speculate whether organized markets like the Common Market and COMECON could eventually merge. In the current political situation, this seems impossible, although some cooperation agreements already exist. Obviously, a merger between Western and Eastern European markets would greatly improve world trade.13. International monetary cooperation will have a significant impact on future trade. If IMF countries fail to agree on a new international monetary order in the coming years, international trade could become too risky for some companies. If the IMF cannot build up sufficient international liquidity buffers in the future, there may not be enough liquidity to sustain trade growth.14. However, increased international consultation and cooperation on economic, monetary and political issues will certainly help world trade to prosper in the coming years.
[General Question] A teacher came up with the following introductory scenario for the quantity of substances lesson: Take 20 g of soybeans, mung beans and rice and ask students (groups of 2 or 4) to count how many grains of these beans and rice there are. . Requirements: Accurately count in the shortest possible time. The smaller the particles, the higher the number and the harder it is to count. Of course, to count quickly and accurately, students will separate them into piles and measure them one by one. Atoms, molecules and other microscopic particles are much smaller than beans and rice. If we want to measure them, we have to accumulate them. Such a "heap" is the "quantity of matter", a fundamental physical quantity.
[Broad question] Please read the following case carefully and answer the questions Case analysis: Chen's Food Company is a retail company that mainly focuses on health food and has 250 employees in the country. The company is a family business that has grown significantly over the last five years due to the increasing focus on healthy living. In order to increase customers' confidence in Chen's food, the company invested heavily in large-scale marketing activities and achieved great achievements. The company recently conducted a customer survey that showed that many families are very interested in Chen's food. However, the company's infrastructure cannot keep up with development demands, especially with regard to information technology. Therefore, the company's IT director investigated the company's IT structure and found that the company currently faces the following problems: (1) Each branch still uses the old cash settlement method. With each transaction, the price is calculated manually and the receipt is made manually. (2) Each supplier's product has a unique barcode, but the store does not use it. (3) Each store has a sales data file. This sales data is small and after manual entry it is summarized and emailed to the company headquarters a week later. (4) Stock management is carried out through manual counting of stocks in warehouses and containers and manual copying of data on paper as the main basis for telephone orders to suppliers. (5) There are more and more customers who pay with credit and debit cards, but each branch does not have a card reader, and they can only enter the card number through the keyboard to pay, which is very slow. (6) At the company's headquarters, the weekly sales report is converted into a summary chart by the PC drawing software and, after manual printing, is sent to the middle and upper management of the company. (7) The company's door-to-door delivery service has always been good, but the company's courier called the head office to notify the returned or damaged goods, so it is necessary to establish a system to record this information. In order to give Chen's Food competitive advantage, it is necessary to establish an advanced information system to solve the above problems. Regarding the quality of the tables and graphs, they made the following requests to the company's headquarters for consideration: (1) Use high-quality A3 paper to print the tables at the company's general meeting. (2) Email the diagram and send it to the manager and supervisor mailbox for them to use online. When he works in the IT department at Chen's Foods, he works closely with the company's IT manager. And he got to know a variety of drawing applications, analyzing the pros and cons of bitmaps and vector graphics, and the company is satisfied with his work. Therefore, in addition to current tasks, you must complete the following tasks: (1) feasibility study on whether Chen's Food Company can telework; (2) After Chen's Food Company introduced information technology, social media, a report on the impact on the company's internal organization and employees. Another thing worth your attention, the company's IT director is retiring in 6 months, with your 4 years of work experience at Chen's Food Company, you might be a suitable candidate for this position.
[综合题]材料一沧海横流，方显英雄本色，社会发展日新月异，各种挑战层出不穷。在百年未有之大变局中，社会治理只有准确识变、科学应变、主动求变，才有可能实现更高质量、更可持续、更为安全的发展；基层干部只有扎根基层、锐意进取、奋发有为，经风雨、见世面，才能百炼成钢，成长为政治坚定、能力出众，攻坚克难的弄潮儿，更好地肩负起新时代的职责和使命。盛大姐是t市宁安区天虹街道华荣社区党总书记，这个国际社区的居民来自近50个国家和地区。在小区里，随处可见日本人、韩国人、新加坡人、印度人、土耳其人、英国人……曾有两个外国家庭，为了一个停车位吵翻了天，也曾有一个外国家庭在家里开“轰趴”吵到邻居报警……传统的基层工作方法在国际社区“水土不服”，该怎么办？盛大姐用开放的思维方式和一口流利的英语打开了局面。她运用在外企学到的管理模式和柔性管理方法，针对国际社区的特点，搭建了由中外居民组成的协商议事平台——“居民议事厅”。中外居民在议事厅可以自主议事，议事员都在社区里有着自己熟悉的“圈子”，颇具民意代表性。居民议事厅很快成为社区居民的“圆梦园”。荷兰居民珍妮弗提议开设居民私藏展，并带头进行了首场展出。随后西班牙籍议事员瑞卡多也毛遂自荐，想开亚洲地图展。原来，瑞卡多当年就是无意中翻到了中国地图，于是说走就走来中国扎了根。十几年来，他搜集了不少古老的亚洲地图希望能为西方人看亚洲提供一个独特视角。居民的事，就是大事。在盛大姐的领导下，社区干事开始为瑞卡多圆梦，提供场地，帮忙裱框，为展览做双语翻译……开幕式上，盛大姐送来了鲜花水果咖啡，中外朋友们到场助阵，瑞卡多觉得倍儿有面，“我能够感受到盛书记对工作的用心。”议事厅议事员菲律宾籍居民王女士坦言，她刚来中国时有点水土不服，通过议事厅这个平台，渐渐认可了如今的生活环境，现在更是赞不绝口，“这个平台解决的是实际问题，办的都是实事，比如养宠物纠纷，停车位纠纷等等不是来虚的。”疫情期间，盛大姐带领团队，针对境外输入防控难点，提出了“老外+老外的柔性化服务模式。”俗话说老乡帮老乡，让老外之间去沟通往往更奏效。一位韩国籍居民从韩国回来后，按规定实行居家隔离，有一次测量体温超过了37.3摄氏度，如果两次体温超过37.3摄氏度，就该采取一定措施了，当时屋内开着地暖。房间内有食物的味道，但他不愿意告诉我们之前吃了什么，也不愿再测量，盛大姐说，因为对方不配合，场面一度陷入僵局，这时她想到了在韩国居民中比较有影响力的文先生，最后由文先生和那位韩国籍居民沟通后得知，因为吃了火锅，房间里开着地暖，导致隔离人员的第一次测温结果偏高等，屋内通风后，体温便恢复了正常。“盛书记的手机里有几千个联系人，最紧张的那几天他每天睡眠也就三四个小时。”小区物业祝经理透露，由于盛书记前期的悉心耕耘，华融社区扎实的治理基础，在疫情防控中得以显现，社区、业委会、物业作为社区治理的“三驾马车”，建立起紧密的联防联动机制。疫情时有一个专门的疫情防控工作群。社区干部和各小区物业、业委会负责人都在群中，相关情况都会在工作群里迅速反馈。国际社区这个“小小联合国”共建出了一个“融情大家园”。突如其来的新冠肺炎疫情，使社区工作的强度与工作量陡增，人手不够怎么办？服务手段落后如何解决？“我们社区一共2542户、7243人。平时工作全靠一双‘铁脚板’。”W市九龙新寓社区党总支书记老常对社区家底“一口清”，“我们社区工作人员一共9个人，一个人要对应五到六个工作口子，有上班时间没有下班时间……”他告诉记者，疫情期间，多亏来了一群“支援力量”，为他们解了燃眉之急。老常盘点了部分“支援力量”：一位区委常委挂包街道，一名民生工作站领导担任社区“第一书记”，区检察院入驻社区的民生工作站支援社区，街道一名负责综治的副主任带领平安建设部全体人员对接社区……区街干部的加入，带来了资源，增强了我们“铁脚板”的力量，还提升了我们化解难题的能力。各路“支援力量”中，最让老常满意的是疫情期间推出的大数据服务平台——“彩虹家园”，这一创新项目成为了一线“铁脚板”，我们的工作利器。这一平台设计开发的时候就专门面向社区征询意见，重点解决一线城市的实际需求。老常说社区里租户多，流动人口多，往往是“人跑得快，信息上来得慢。”结合疫情防控社区“铁脚板”们用一个多月把社区2542户全都摸排了一遍，根据街道统一部署，按人户一致、人在户不在、户在人不在、普通出租、混合居住、多户合租、工企租等七种类型，标注成七色录入数据库。“这一平台太管用了，现在我们找人摸排情况有的放矢，省去了很多无效劳动。”彩虹家园平台在功能上实现了四个“1分钟”：1分钟定人精准筛选，1分钟定向精准宣传，1分钟定位精准调度，1分钟定点精准服务。“大数据”赋能“铁脚板”，聚焦现实疑难问题，提供基层社会治理，“彩虹家园”管理服务平台，让最近的人口普查工作也大大提速了。材料二J市临湖区有着2700多家软件企业，25万软件人才，在疫情冲击下，企业按下了暂停键，技术人员大多都回了原籍，等到可以复工时，因疫情差异和各地防疫要求不同，有些技术人员一时无法返岗，紧急招聘不现实，唯有迅速找到有相同开发经验的人员或团队，才能缓解企业的燃眉之急，否则就会面临客户项目交付延期的风险。远志智能科技有限公司王总为此心急火燎，而同在临湖区的新晨网络科技有限公司则因疫情的影响导致了业务停滞，研发人员一时闲置，“没有足够的项目支撑，我连员工都没办法养活了。”公司周经理对此一筹莫展。临湖区人社局梁局长了解到这一情况后，立即召集相关部门召开了一个“神仙会”，“我们能否主动作为，搭建一个人才共享的平台，在稳岗稳就业的同时，缓解企业用人难题，缓解企业短期困境？”会上大家积极献计献策，各种方案纷纷亮相，经过充分论证与合作开发，很快“神兵点将”人才共享平台横空出世。这个平台通过大数据和智能推荐技术，使人才简历与模板库进行多维匹配，按匹配度为企业用户提供合适的人才。平台运营总监潘女士表示，一旦对接成功，人才无需改变劳动关系，也不用去短期“打工救急”，企业可直接接单相关业务，在线进行研发“打工”。在平台的支持下，不到5天，周经理顺利找到远志智能科技有限公司开展人才共享合作，安排了6名技术人员为对方提供远程开发服务，周经理说:“这救了对方的急，也暂时解了我们的难，不仅帮助我们省下部分人力成本，更重要的是保住了培养7年的团队。”据了解“神兵点将”平台上线两个多月，已发布岗位需求信息800余条，发布人才信息3000余条，达成共享企业39家。“与此同时，宁湖区还投入100万元支持引导经费，对在辖区内的注册并使用平台进行人才共享的供需，双方企业分别给予奖励，一经审核通过即可发放，奖励标准为每人每月1000元，每家企业最高不超过五万元，“神兵点将”平台与引导资金都是我们在非常时期的非常之举，目的是能够为企业解决实际困难，希望企业把这个平台真正用起来，切实帮助他们稳岗保市场，熬过疫情‘寒冬’，未来就有了希望。”梁局长说。网红县长是当下经济社会发展中的别样风景，在或生疏或熟练的直播中，网红县长为推销扶贫产品，推荐观光旅游，使尽浑身解数，唱歌，跳舞，抽奖，讲故事，建粉丝团……H县委常委，陈副县长对直播技巧十分熟练，为了在网上为本地黑茶开疆拓土，陈副县长豁出去了，“我愿意为网友跳骑马舞，学习‘红人’们的表达和传播技巧，分析直播背后的数据和流量。”陈副县长说。今年突如其来的疫情给茶叶销售带来困难，陈副县长组织本地网红。举办了黑茶“网上开园节”，累计直播超过50场，观看人数超过1000万人次，销售额超过2000万元，“为百姓脱贫攻坚,我不会有丝毫保留。”凌晨一点夜已深沉，为第二天长达两小时的直播做好准备后，陈副县长走出直播间，他用嘶哑的喉咙说：“这样的强度我至少能干三年。”从副县长到直播播主，身份切换很自然，和农民一起挖冬笋、采蜂蜜、捉土鸡、割稻谷、挤牛奶，直播演绎的都是真实的农村场景，为了让买家放心，陈副县长还做出担保：“如果买了不满意，我可以做你的专属客服，保证给你满意答复。”网友评价说，网红县长巧借东风，蹭的是热点，办的是实事，通过直播间的喧哗热闹，县长们卖的全是田间地头的牵挂，这样的现场真该点赞。材料三基层工作细、碎、难，用的多是“绣花功夫”。社会新变化、新现象、新需要层出不穷，这番“绣花功夫”既需要持之以恒，也需要变中出新的“巧心”。S市新江区最近更新了河长制公示牌，和以往不同的是，公示牌上不再直接写明河长姓名、职务、联系方式，而是改放一个二维码，市民通过扫描这张“电子身份证”，相关信息便一目了然。新江区河长办的工作人员算了一笔账：传统的公示牌经常因为河长职务调整等原因需要现场更新张贴信息，改成二维码后，信息更新在网络后台操作即可，节约了维护经费，也提高了工作效率。据估算，采用信息化河长制公示牌，全区每年可节约公示牌更新费用100万元以上，同时增加了不少新的服务功能，老百姓可随时通过扫描二维码反映问题或提出意见。新江区河长制公示牌“升级”，这一细微处的治理创新正是城市治理能力现代化的体现。近年来，N市在治理大气污染方面大力推行“点位长”领导责任制，全市划出35个重点区域，对数百家包装印刷企业、上千家汽车维修企业，开展挥发性有机物治理；针对汽车尾气、扬尘、餐饮油烟等污染滚动开展专项整治；全市2000多家工地都配备了喷淋降尘设备、防尘网，让扬尘“扬”不起来。精细化管控下，N市PM2.5年均浓度5年来下降近一半，细微处的“绣花功夫”显著提升了老百姓的蓝天幸福。
[Broad Question] Case: A and B signed a contract to buy and sell a purple clay teapot. After A handed over the purple clay teapot to B, its whereabouts were unknown. When B could not find A in many ways, he gave the price of the purple clay teapot to a notary for deposit. Fifteen years passed and A did not appear, so the notary recognized the money as unowned property and used it as the public expense of the notary.
[综合题]案例谦卑型领导如何改善员工绩效：心理需求满足的中介作用和工作单位结构的调节作用引言在社会转型背景下，组织想要在不断变化和不可预测的环境中获得竞争优势，传统的“领导者居于组织顶层决策”的领导方式显然难以适应外部环境的变化。而领导者放下架子和权威，积极主动向他人学习的领导行为更有利于应对频繁和复杂的变化。因此，学者呼吁领导者关注“自下而上”的领导行为，以更加开放和包容的态度看待自身缺点和不足，进而不断向员工学习。谦卑型领导恰好是领导者承认自身不足，向下属谦虚学习的领导行为，能够满足员工对尊重和发展的需求。因此，本研究在中国组织情境下，系统探讨谦卑型领导与员工绩效间的关系。一、理论基础与研究假设1.谦卑型领导谦卑型领导是Owens等在归纳和分析前人关于领导谦卑性特征基础上提出的新的“自下而上”的领导理论，从行为视角对谦卑型领导进行定义，认为谦卑型领导是在社会交往中形成的领导风格，主要通过正确评价和看待自身不足、欣赏他人的优点和贡献以及向他人学习等三个行为维度来激发下属的工作积极性，维系领导与下属的关系。目前，谦卑型领导三维度模型已得到不同文化情境下学者的广泛认同。2.自我决定理论根据自我决定理论，三种心理需求分别为自主需求、能力需求和关系需求。其中自主需求是指个体在执行任务过程中渴望感受到内在“我”的存在以及体验到选择感和心理自由，强调个体的选择性，期望能够掌控自己的行为；能力需求表征了个体渴望在与环境的互动过程中表现出的有效性，尤其强调对环境控制的倾向以及在富有挑战性的任务中的扩展技能；关系需求则是从归属视角出发，描述了个体期望与他人联系的倾向，即渴望成为团队成员，关爱他人以及被他人关爱。自我决定理论认为，当环境为个体提供自主性支持时，个体的三种基本需求更容易被满足，并且领导在为下属提供自主性支持中扮演着重要角色。3.谦卑型领导与员工心理需求不同于组织心理学中将自主需求作为任务特征的界定，自我决定理论认为员工自主需求的满足主要来源于两个方面：任务完成过程中感受到的心理自由以及在听取他人或者主管提供的有意义的建议过程中感受到的自主满意度。我们认为谦卑型领导对员工自主需求满足具有积极影响。为此，提出假设：H1a：谦卑型领导行为对员工自主需求满足具有积极影响，能力需求的满足对于员工自身发展具有积极效应。谦卑型领导对员工能力需求满足的影响表现在以下四个方面：其一是由于愿意向员工学习以及关注员工的优点和能力，谦卑型领导不仅为员工展示自我提供了机会，还能够将员工的优点和能力与相应的工作岗位匹配，为员工职业发展提供明确的路径，为最大限度提高员工专业能力以及发挥员工才能提供机会和空间；其二是谦卑型领导使员工感知到更少的认知压力和情绪耗竭，相对应地，员工拥有更多的心理资源、情绪资源和认知资源，这些资源对于员工能力的形成具有重要影响；其三是通过将环境的不确定性和员工的犯错行为合法化和正常化，谦卑型领导为员工自我发展提供有利的组织环境，鼓励员工不断进行试验和探索；其四是已有研究表明，谦卑型领导行为对于团队学习导向以及集体促进性定向具有积极效应，能够鼓励员工积极学习，不断促进自我发展。因此，根据自我决定理论，员工拥有的展示和提升自我的机会以及组织层面鼓励员工不断探索和学习的支持性环境等都对员工能力需求的满足具有重要影响。因此，提出假设：H1b：*********************************************************……因此，提出假设：H1c：谦卑型领导行为对员工关系需求满足具有积极影响4.心理需求满足在谦卑型领导与员工绩效间的中介作用Deci等提出，当个体心理需求得到满足时，会形成更多的内在推动力，而这种内在动机会产生与工作相关的积极结果。已有研究指出，心理需求满足对员工的角色内绩效、组织公民行为、职业自我效能感以及生活和工作的满意度具有积极影响。因此，我们认为能力需求满足会对员工的任务绩效产生积极影响。首先，当员工能力需求得到满足时，能够刺激员工付出更多与任务相关的努力，而任务绩效很大程度上取决于员工拥有的与工作岗位相匹配的技能和能力以及员工主观的努力程度。其次，当员工能力需求没有得到满足时，员工会倾向于寻找相应的替代行为，这些行为会降低员工的角色内绩效。最后，已有实证研究表明能力需求满足对于工作绩效具有积极效应。因此，根据自我决定理论，当员工能力需求得到满足时，能够激发员工的内在动机，促进员工的绩效最大化。更进一步地，谦卑型领导能够提高下属的任务绩效，还源于领导不仅能够根据下属的优点安排适宜的工作岗位，还为下属工作提供指导和帮助。此外，已有研究证实了谦卑型领导在提高员工工作绩效方面具有积极作用。与此同时，自我决定理论的相关文献表明，满足员工基本心理需求的组织情境因素不仅能够直接对员工工作绩效产生影响，还能够通过满足员工心理需求产生间接效应。综上，结合H1b提出假设：H2：能力需求满足在谦卑型领导行为与员工任务绩效间具有中介效应创新绩放是指员工为保持自身竞争优势，促进自我发展而产生的新颖的、与组织相关或对组织具有价值的思想、方法和程序。工作场所中，创新绩效的实现需要经过员工的内在认同，而自我决定理论的核心在于心理需求的满足能够使个体产生更多的内在驱动力，使得个体在内在动机驱动下完成相应的工作任务。因此，研究认为心理需求满足对于员工创新绩效具有积极影响。其一是新思想、新方法的产生以一定的专业技能和知识为基础，能力需求的满足为员工创新提供了必要的知识基础；同时，能力需求的满足能够增强员工不断提升和发展自我的信心，为员工创新提供必要的心理基础。其二是关系需求的满足不仅为员工之间相互学习、共享显性知识和隐性知识提供便利，有利于员工间新想法的交流和碰撞，还为员工新想法的实施提供必要的关系基础。其三是目前组织中员工倾向于将自主需求作为其主导需求，当员工自主需求得到满足时，能够提高其内在动机，促使其在内在动机驱动下更加主动地进行创新。进一步分析可知，谦卑型领导对员工创新绩效具有积极影响。因此，结合H1提出假设：H3：自主需求满足（a）、*****************5.工作单位结构的调节作用自我决定理论认为，多种环境因素能够共同作用于个体基本心理需求，进而影响其态度和行为。Lian等基于上述理论观点证实，领导成员交换在辱虐管理与员工基本心理需求满足间存在调节作用。因此，我们认为谦卑型领导作用的发挥可能受到其他组织情境因素的影响。在组织中，工作单位结构是领导行为发挥作用的重要情境变量，包括机械式结构和有机式结构。根据自我决定理论，我们将谦卑型领导视为满足员工心理需求的支持性环境，而工作单位结构则是影响谦卑型领导作用发挥的组织情境因素。首先，工作单位结构能够调节谦卑型领导与员工自主需求满足的关系。因此，提出假设：H4a：工作单位结构调节谦卑型领导行为与员工自主需求满足的关系：较于机械式结构，有机式结构中谦卑型领导行为对员工自主需求满足的积极影响更强。……因此，提出假设：H4b：工作单位结构调节谦卑型领导行为与员工能力需求满足的关系：较于机械式结构，有机式结构中谦卑型领导行为对员工能力需求满足的积极影响更强。最后，工作单位结构在谦卑型领导与员工关系需求满足间具有调节作用。一方面，工作单位结构能够改变组织内部信息流的类型和强度，进而影响领导行为的效果。如果谦卑型领导处于有机式结构中，灵活、宽松、开放的沟通环境为谦卑型领导与员工交流以及公开赞赏员工的优点和贡献提供了平台，不仅有利于实现领导与员工面对面的互动交流，还能使下属感知到领导的关怀，满足下属的关系需求；而在机械式结构中，谦卑型领导与员工的交流受组织正式沟通渠道的限制，滅少了领导与员工深入交流的机会，使领导难以在有限的时间内对员工表示尊重和关怀，影响员工关系需求的满足。另一方面，谦卑型领导为领导与员工平等沟通提供了条件。当处于有机式结构中时，分散的控制机制和权力机制能够降低主管与下属间的权力不平衡，为主管与下属的平等沟通提供有效的外在条件，进而促进谦卑型主管与下属积极关系的建立；而在机械式结构中，严格的控制机制和集中于高层级的决策机制拉大了领导与员工间的心理距离，加剧了主管与下属间的权力不平衡。在此条件下，员工会将领导的谦卑行为视为表面谦卑，并产生不公平感知，导致谦卑型领导与员工关系需求的正相关关系削弱。此外，Ambrose等的研究表明，相较于机械式结构，在有机式结构下，主管感知的互动公平有利于促进部门互动公平氛围的形成。因此，提出假设：H4c：*********************************……
[综合题]Instructions: Read the four texts below. Answer the question after each text by choosing A, B, C, or D. American farmers have been complaining about a labor shortage for years. With a multi-year decline in illegal immigration and a similar sustained recovery in the US job market, the complaints are unlikely to stop without an overhaul of farm worker immigration rules. Efforts to create an easier farm worker visa that would allow foreign workers to stay longer in the US and change jobs in manufacturing have so far failed in Congress. Unless that changes, American businesses, communities and consumers will be the losers. Perhaps half of America's farm workers are undocumented immigrants. As fewer and fewer workers enter the United States, the characteristics of the agricultural workforce are changing. Today's farm workers, while still predominantly Mexican-born, tend to be sedentary rather than immigrant and married rather than single. You age too. At the beginning of this century, about a third of harvest workers were over the age of 35. Today it is more than half. And harvesting is difficult for larger bodies. A much-discussed cure for this labor shortage remains as unlikely as ever: Native American workers will not return to the farms. Mechanization is not the answer either, not yet. The production of corn, cotton, rice, soybeans and wheat has been largely mechanized, but many high-value, labor-intensive crops, such as strawberries, require manual labor. Even dairy farms, where robots currently only do a small part of the milking, still have a long way to go before they become automated. As a result, farms increasingly rely on temporary migrant workers who use the H-2A visa to fill gaps in the workforce. Since around 2012, visa applications have increased considerably; From 2011 to 2016, the number of visas issued more than doubled. The H-2A visa has no numerical limit, unlike the H-2B visa for non-agricultural occupations, which has a limit of 66,000 per year. Despite this, employers often complain that they are not getting all the workers they need. The process is cumbersome, expensive and unreliable. One survey found that bureaucratic delays caused H-2A employees to be late for work an average of 22 days. And the shortage is compounded by a federal immigration crackdown that is forcing some workers out and others underground. In a 2012 survey, 71% of fruit tree growers and nearly 80% of raisin and berry growers said there was a labor shortage. Some Western producers have responded by moving their operations to Mexico. From 1998 to 2000, 14.5% of the fruit consumed by Americans was imported. Just over a decade later, the proportion of imported fruit had risen to 25.8%. In fact, the US can import food or import the workers who collect it.
[General question] Company A is a general VAT payer, the VAT rate is 17%, the income tax rate is 25%, and raw materials are charged at actual cost. The company's business events in 2016 are as follows: (1) Purchase of a batch of raw materials, payment of 1,000,000 yuan with bank deposits and 170,000 yuan of VAT paid, payment has been paid, and materials have been checked ( 2) The company sells the shares of certain companies owned by the company at a price of 100,000 yuan. The investment is a transactional financial asset, and the realized income of 10,000 yuan is deposited in the bank. 400,000 yuan, the VAT exit tax amount is 85,000 yuan, and payment for the goods has not been charged; (4) the bank receives payment from the previous sale of 585,000 yuan; The price is 250,000 yuan, the value-added tax is 42,500 yuan, and the entrance tax is deducted by 60% in the first year; (6) the company discards a batch of old computers, the new price is 50,000 yuan, and 40,000 yuan has been written off, and the residual value is income of 1,000 yuan, yuan, all collected and paid by the bank deposits. Fixed assets were adjusted; (7) On January 1, the loan of 1,000,000 yuan was used to supplement working capital, with an annual interest rate of 6%, a two-year term, amortization of principal and interest at maturity, and interest earned at the end of the year.